Ancient Egypt - Women - Pharaohs
Women in Ancient Egypt: Female Pharaohs Cleopatra and Hatshepsut, to ordinary Egyptian women's lives. Articles and links compiled by Jone Johnson Lewis, About Women's History Guide.
Heiress Theory
Egyptologists posited that royal lineage was matriarchal in ancient Egypt. Does this theory explain why Hatshepsut and other women sometimes ruled in Egypt?
Egyptologists posited that royal lineage was matriarchal in ancient Egypt. Does this theory explain why Hatshepsut and other women sometimes ruled in Egypt?
Female Pharaoh
An overview of the women historians and archaeologists believe can be identified as having served as female Pharaoh, or ruler.
An overview of the women historians and archaeologists believe can be identified as having served as female Pharaoh, or ruler.
Hatshepsut, Pharaoh of Egypt
A comprehensive guide to the woman who ruled Egypt nearly 3500 years ago.
A comprehensive guide to the woman who ruled Egypt nearly 3500 years ago.
Meryt-Neith
The third ruler of the first Egyptian dynasty which united upper and lower Egypt is known only by name and a few objects -- but many scholars believe that this ruler was a woman. We don't know much about her life or her reign.
The third ruler of the first Egyptian dynasty which united upper and lower Egypt is known only by name and a few objects -- but many scholars believe that this ruler was a woman. We don't know much about her life or her reign.
Egyptian Queens and Pharaohs
Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe takes up the question of whether a matriarchy existed in ancient Egypt.
Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe takes up the question of whether a matriarchy existed in ancient Egypt.
Egyptian Women in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt
The author translates texts from Demotic to document the legal and economic status of women in several periods of ancient Egypt.
The author translates texts from Demotic to document the legal and economic status of women in several periods of ancient Egypt.
From Warrior Women to Female Pharaohs: Careers for Women
Dr. Joann Fletcher documents the choices available to women in ancient Egypt in work life, based on the Egyptian concept of full duality of male and female.
Dr. Joann Fletcher documents the choices available to women in ancient Egypt in work life, based on the Egyptian concept of full duality of male and female.
Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
Illustrated short sketches on the major goddesses of ancient Egypt.
Illustrated short sketches on the major goddesses of ancient Egypt.
Kinship and Marriage
A summary of marriage and family customs in ancient Egypt. Includes a bibliography for further study.
A summary of marriage and family customs in ancient Egypt. Includes a bibliography for further study.
Matriliny in New Kingdom Egypt
Essay detailing historical incidences of matrilineal rule in Egypt, including Nefertiti and Ankhesenamon.
Essay detailing historical incidences of matrilineal rule in Egypt, including Nefertiti and Ankhesenamon.
Menkaure and His Queen:
Part of a multi-page essay on a statue discovered in 1910, this part concentrates on evidence within the image on the status of the queen vs. the king.
Part of a multi-page essay on a statue discovered in 1910, this part concentrates on evidence within the image on the status of the queen vs. the king.
Recommended Reading: Ancient Egypt
With current interest in Cleopatra, this reading list may help provide accurate historical context. Includes books for students. (Not focused on women's history.)
With current interest in Cleopatra, this reading list may help provide accurate historical context. Includes books for students. (Not focused on women's history.)
Traditions of Magic in Late Antiquity
An online exhibit of objects and texts used in the practice of "magic." Includes suggestions for further reading.
An online exhibit of objects and texts used in the practice of "magic." Includes suggestions for further reading.
Web Resources for Young People and Teachers
Good index of web resources to put Cleopatra, ancient Egypt and related topics into historical perspective. Specific info on women hard to find here.
Good index of web resources to put Cleopatra, ancient Egypt and related topics into historical perspective. Specific info on women hard to find here.
Women and Gender in Ancient Egypt
The Kelsey Museum of Archeology presents online version of 1997 exhibit on the status and experience of Egyptian women, 3100 BCE-700 CE.
The Kelsey Museum of Archeology presents online version of 1997 exhibit on the status and experience of Egyptian women, 3100 BCE-700 CE.
Women in Egypt: Bibliography
Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe's print bibliography, used in a university seminar on images of women in the ancient world. Includes image of Menkaure and his queen.
Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe's print bibliography, used in a university seminar on images of women in the ancient world. Includes image of Menkaure and his queen.
Women in Egypt: Matriarchy?
Discussion of the question of whether Egypt's matrilineal culture extended to the historical period. Image of Nofret and Prince Rahotep.
Discussion of the question of whether Egypt's matrilineal culture extended to the historical period. Image of Nofret and Prince Rahotep.