Women and African American History: 1910-1919
1910
• second conference of the National Negro Conference forms the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), with Mary White Ovington as a key organizer holding a variety of offices 1910-1947 including as member of the Executive Board and board chair, 1917-1919; later women leaders included Ella Baker and Myrlie Evers-Williams
• (September 29) Committee on Urban Conditions Among Negroes founded by Ruth Standish Baldwin and George Edmund Haynes
1911
• Committee on Urban Conditions Among Negroes, Committee for the Improvement of Industrial Conditions Among Negroes in New York, and National League for the Protection of Colored Women merged, forming the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes (later just National Urban League)
• (January 4) Charlotte Ray died (first African American woman lawyer in the United States and the first woman admitted to the bar in the District of Columbia)
• Edmonia Lewis last reported in Rome; died that year or after (her death date and location are unknown)
• Mahalia Jackson born (gospel singer)
• (February 11) Francis Ellen Watkins Harper died (abolitionist, writer, poet)
1912
• Virginia Lacy Jones born (librarian)
• Margaret Washington, newly elected president of the National Association of Colored Women, founded the periodical National Notes
1913
• Harriet Tubman died (Underground Railroad conductor, abolitionist, women's rights advocate, soldier, spy, lecturer)
• Fannie Jackson Coppin died (educator)
• (February 4) Rosa Parks born
• (April 11) federal government officially segregates by race all federal workplaces, including rest rooms and eating facilities
• (-1915) Ruth Standish Baldwin served as president of the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes
1914
• Marcus and Amy Jacques Garvey founded the Negro Universal Improvement Association in Jamaica -- this moved later to New York, promoting a homeland in Africa and independence in America for African Americans
• (or 1920) Daisy Bates born (civil rights activist)
1915
• National Negro Health movement began to offer services to black communities, serving and including as health workers many African American women
• Billie Holiday born as Eleanora Fagan (singer)
1916
1917
• Ella Fitzgerald born (singer)
• Gwendolyn Brooks born (poet)
• (June 30) Lena Horne born (singer, actress)
• (July 1-3) race riots in East St. Louis killed 40 to 200; 6,000 had to leave their homes
• (October 6) Fannie Lou Hamer born (activist)
1918
• Frances Elliott Davis enrolled with the American Red Cross, the first African American nurse to do so
• (March 29) Pearl Bailey born
1919
• NAACP founded with a number of women signing the call; Mary White Ovington became the first chairperson
• Pearl Primus born (dancer)
• Sarah Breedlove Walker (Madam C.J. Walker) died suddenly (executive, inventor, philanthropist); A'Lelia Walker becomes president of the Walker company
• Edmonia Highgate died (fundraiser, after the Civil War, for the Freedman's Association and the American Missionary Society, for educating freed slaves)
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